How does Laser cleaning work?
Laser cleaning is an eco-friendly process!
Traditional industrial cleaning methods are often seen as tedious (and for good reasons). Rust removal can be time and labor consuming. Oxide removal may involve hazardous chemicals specific to each material that needs to be removed. In some cases, paint removal by sandblasting can damage the metal underneath.
Dealing with these problems usually comes at a significant cost, but laser cleaning is changing this: it is a cost-effective solution that reduces cleaning times and maintenance. If you are skeptical about these claims regarding laser technology, keep reading for the key facts about what a laser does when removing contaminants and coatings.
All Materials Have an Ablation Threshold
Laser ablation occurs when a material layer or a coating is removed with a laser beam. This is the process behind all laser cleaning applications. Take as exaple laser rust removal on steel. When the laser beam hits the surface, molecular bonds in the dust or rust layer are broken and the free molecules are ejected from the substrate. In less technical terms: the layer to be removed is simply vaporized by the laser beam.
A simple way to grasp the importance of the ablation threshold is to compare it to throwing a ball over a wall. If you don't throw it high enough, it will never make it over to the other side. Even if you throw the ball a thousand times, you will always fail. The same applies to laser derusting. You can shoot the laser beam a thousand times but as long as the energy is below the ablation threshold of the material you’re working with, nothing will ever be removed.
Now, every material has different properties and thus different molecular bonds. In other words, each material has a specific ablation threshold. To successfully remove a layer from a given material, the energy transferred by the laser beam must be above the ablation threshold of that particular material. And every material has a different threshold.
Can we remove layer by layer?
Is it Possible to Remove a Material layer in a Highly Selective Way?
Let's continue with our analogy of throwing a ball over a wall: Imagine there was a second, higher wall behind the first one and that a ball was thrown with just enough energy to make it over the first wall, but not enough to make it over the second. The ball would bounce off the second wall and fall in between the two walls. Once again, no matter how many times you throw the ball, you will always get the same result. You will make it past the first wall but never the second. So it will never pass at all!
Since there is an ablation threshold for each material, laser cleaning can discriminate between two or more materials when trying to remove an undesired layer from an object. Given a sufficiently large ablation threshold difference between the materials, it is possible to select a material to be removed (i.e., the one with the lower ablation threshold) while leaving the other material untouched.
For example, the rust ablation threshold is much lower than the threshold for common metals like steel and aluminum. The same goes for paint and oil. This vast gap between two values allows contaminants and coatings to be completely vaporized without any risk of damaging the base material underneath. There's just not enough energy for damage to happen to the base material.
A Strong and Short Power Pulsed beam ressults in Faster Removal than Continiuos Wave laser beam
A Stronger Power Burst Means Faster Removal than a continious beam
You can think of laser ablation as similar to carving stone with a hammer and a chisel. You can use a small hammer and do many small hits on your chisel. Or, you could just as well use a bigger hammer to leverage more power, hence reducing the required number of hits and increasing the removal speed. The idea is the same with laser cleaning, except that you only want to remove a layer of material: the contaminant.
Fiber laser cleaning systems can remove any given layer using two different methods. Either the laser beam is a continuous wave of light, or it is pulsed at a given repetition rate. Even if the result is pretty much the same, the removal speed varies a lot according to the method.
For a given surface area, putting the same energy within a short pulse increases the power. It’s like using the bigger hammer. A pulsed laser beam is more efficient and provides a faster removal speed than a continuous beam. And while short laser pulses clean surfaces faster, they also ensure that the underlying material does not heat up too much.
It is Consumable-Free and Environmentally Friendly!
As this cleaning method only uses a laser beam to vaporize the layer to be removed, there are literally no consumables with it. This is the beauty of lasers, which only need a power plug to be set and ready to go. On top of this, lasers use no chemical products or solvents. This makes laser surface cleaning one of the safest solutions when it comes to rust and coating removal. Not only is there no chemical waste to take care of, but employees are totally safe when working near laser cleaning machines, which are designed to meet international laser safety standards. Employees won't need heavy personal protective equipment and won't have to handle those pesky chemicals. They only need to protect the eyes primary!
That being said, since laser cleaning vaporizes materials into fumes, you should have a fume extraction system near the laser to ensure that no paint, oil or dust particles are released into the air.
Laser Cleaning is of Interest for Various Industrial Applications
Removing the burnt rubber residue from tire molds; giving a new life to old pipelines; cleaning pipes in nuclear power plants; and even larger projects such as removing paint from a rusty bridge and preparing welding surfaces are all projects that can benefit from industrial laser cleaning.
This non-contact cleaning technique can be used in countless industrial applications. The only limit is the capacity to discriminate between the material to be removed and the one to be protected.
At the moment, the most common laser cleaning applications include:
- Welding pre-treatments to remove rust and other contaminants from welding areas
- Welding post-treatments to remove aluminum and stainless-steel oxides
- Laser surface preparation to maximize paint adhesion
- Laser oxide removal from specialty alloy ingots
- Coating removal just after the coating process to replace part masking in production lines
- Depainting parts that would otherwise be scrapped due to paint defects
Laser cleaning solutions can overcome many of the today's problems faced with rust removal and other industrial cleaning applications. By selecting a specific material to be removed, fiber lasers offer a fast, as well as a set-and-forget solution for many industries.